Governments will be unable to unilaterally veto internationally-funded climate projects, after a deal was struck on Green Climate Fund rules that had hampered progress for years.
Following intense backroom negotiations, the UN flagship climate fund’s board agreed at 3am on a voting system to deploy when consensus fails.
A year after a public boardroom meltdown, the move signals stronger collaboration between rich and poor country representatives, as they seek a fresh injection of funds.
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“This was a huge trust-building exercise and acknowledgement that the future of the fund is better built together than against each other,” wrote Liane Schalatek, an observer from the Heinrich Böll Foundation, by Skype from the GCF headquarters in Songdo, South Korea. “‘Historic’ is probably correct.”
Some of the countries hardest hit by climate change had already aligned with donor governments in calling for governance reforms, to get money flowing faster.
Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Iran were the last hold-outs, raising concerns a voting system could disadvantage the developing world. The board is drawn half from donor and half from recipient countries, but the latter bloc is more diverse: China has different interests to Chad.
At the same time, emerging economies had an incentive to end the veto power of individuals. In 2018, the US board member was able to block a Chinese project – despite his country reneging on a pledged $2 billion contribution. In 2017, the UK refused to back grants for rural development in Argentina and Paraguay.
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A breakout group of eight board members thrashed out rules allowing decisions to be made with an 80% majority, a higher threshold than the two thirds originally proposed. Consensus remains the preferred option.
“It was encouraging to see the board come together and fulfil this mandate from its founding instrument,” said Niranjali Amerasinghe of the World Resources Institute (WRI), adding that attention must now turn to “an ambitious replenishment” of the fund’s cash reserves.
The board approved $267 million of finance towards ten projects, taking its total commitments to $5.23 billion. It is reaching the bottom of its $10.3bn starting capital faster than expected, due to currency fluctuations and the US withholding money.
Now the fund is looking to wealthy countries for further contributions, with a pledging summit in autumn to raise cash for the next three years. Germany and Norway have committed to doubling their input, while others indicated they first wanted to see the initial round had been well used.
A performance review presented at the latest meeting struck an optimistic tone. The fund “has achieved a lot” in four years and “has the requisite capacity, learning disposition, leadership and structures for being an agent of change,” wrote independent GCF evaluator Jyotsna Puri.
Among its recommendations were to channel more funds direct to the front lines of climate impacts and to strengthen the role of the private sector.
One of the main criticisms of the fund from recipients is that it is slow to release money, even after it has been approved. Analysis by Joe Thwaites, a researcher at WRI, before the latest meeting found the GCF had disbursed 10% of approved funding in its first four years of operation, compared to 17% for the Climate Investment Funds (Cifs), 26% for the Global Environment Facility and 42% for the Adaptation Fund.
Source: Joe Thwaites
Thwaites said part of the problem lay with partner organisations. For example, the World Bank took three and a half years from getting accredited to signing project deals.
The GCF secretariat prefers to cite the value of projects “under implementation” – $2.41bn compared to $0.51bn – on the basis many do not get all their money upfront and are phased over a longer period.
“Things are improving,” according to Thwaites, and by the end of the year GCF performance is expected to catch up with the Cifs.
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